C++ is a general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, starting in 1979. It is an extension of the C programming language or "C with Classes". C++ is widely used for system/software development and game development due to its performance and efficiency.

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted programming language. It has become a standard for creating interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications. JavaScript is versatile and can be used for both client-side and server-side development.

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language that is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to run on another.

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented, and functional programming.

TypeScript is a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing to the language. Developed and maintained by Microsoft, it was designed for the development of large applications and transpiles to JavaScript. TypeScript is often used in conjunction with modern frameworks like Angular and React.